The Nobel Laureates

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics 2025 to John Clarke University of California, Berkeley, USA Michel H. Devoret Yale University, New Haven, CT and University of California, Santa Barbara, USA John M. Martinis University of California, Santa Barbara, USA “for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit” Their experiments on a chip revealed quantum physics in action More info. Nobelprize.org

 Kip Thorne, born June 1, 1940, is an American theoretical physicist best recognized for his contributions to gravitational physics and astrophysics. He is most known for his theoretical predictions and analyses of black holes and gravitational waves. Thorne acquired his Bachelor of Science degree in 1962 from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and his Ph.D. in 1965 from Princeton University. He subsequently returned to Caltech, where he became a theoretical physics professor and stayed for the rest of his academic career. Thorne's work with fellow physicists Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose in developing the laws regulating black holes was one of his most significant accomplishments. They collaborated to create the framework of general relativity in order to comprehend the nature and properties of black holes. Their findings demonstrated that black holes had event horizons and may generate thermal radiation, which is now known as Hawking radiation. Thorne has made s...

 Niels Bohr (1885-1962) was a Danish physicist who contributed significantly to the study of atomic structure and quantum mechanics. He is most known for developing the Bohr model of the atom, which claimed that electrons circle the nucleus in certain energy levels or shells. Bohr's atomic model was a key advance in physics, helping to explain a variety of phenomena such as atomic spectra and atomic stability. His model included the idea of quantized energy levels, which asserted that electrons may only occupy defined orbits around the nucleus and can transition between these levels by absorbing or releasing photons. One of Bohr's most notable contributions was the formulation of the notion known as complementarity during the 1920s. The concept of complementarity states that in some studies, particles display both wave-like and particle-like behavior, but not simultaneously. This idea became a cornerstone of quantum physics and had a significant impact on philosophical understa...

  Sir William Henry Bragg (1862-1942)       Born at Wigton, Cumberland, England, on July 2, 1862.    Studied  At King's College, Cambridge, he studied mathematics and physics.     Pioneered research in the field of X-ray crystallography.     Developed the concept of X-ray diffraction with his son Lawrence Bragg.     Proposed Bragg's law, which explains X-ray diffraction by crystals and allows crystal shapes to be determined.     The structure of numerous crystals, including minerals and chemical molecules, was investigated.     X-ray crystallography was used to investigate the molecular structures of key compounds such as proteins.     He was a professor at the Universities of Leeds (1909-1915) and Manchester (1915-1919).     In 1915, he and his son Lawrence shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on X-ray crystallography.

Peter Higgs is a British theoretical physicist best known for his work on the Higgs boson theory, which describes a basic particle in particle physics. He was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, on May 29, 1929. Higgs made major contributions to our knowledge of the universe's fundamental forces and particles. To explain why other particles have mass, Higgs postulated the creation of a new particle, now known as the Higgs boson, in 1964. His idea, together with the work of other physicists, served as the foundation for the Higgs mechanism, which gives a method for particles to gain mass. The Higgs boson was discovered in 2012 at the LHC in Switzerland, confirming the existence of the expected particle. Peter Higgs and François Englert were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013 for their revolutionary work. The discovery of the Higgs boson was a watershed moment in particle physics, advancing our knowledge of the fundamental nature of matter and the cosmos. Peter Higgs had a ...

 John Bardeen (1908-1991) was a physicist and electrical engineer from the United States who made substantial contributions to condensed matter physics and semiconductor technology. He is well recognized for his part in the discovery of the transistor and for being the only person to have twice been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. On May 23, 1908, in Madison, Wisconsin, United States, Bardeen was born. He earned his bachelor's degree at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and his Ph.D. in mathematical physics from Princeton University in 1936. He joined the engineering faculty at the University of Minnesota after finishing his Ph.D. Bardeen began studying solid-state physics in the late 1930s, focusing on electrical conductivity in metals and semiconductors. As a member of the team at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory during WWII, he contributed to the creation of radar technology. While working at Bell Laboratories, Bardeen, together with Walter Brattain and William Shockley, devi...

 Arthur H. Compton, often known as Arthur Holly Compton, was a scientist from the United States who made major contributions to quantum mechanics and nuclear physics. He was born on September 10, 1892 in Wooster, Ohio, and died on March 15, 1962 in Berkeley, California. Compton is well known for discovering the Compton effect, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927. Compton conducted X-ray tests in the early 1920s and discovered that when X-rays are dispersed by electrons, their wavelength rises. This shift in wavelength supported Albert Einstein's photon hypothesis by providing evidence for the particle-like properties of photons and confirming the dual nature of light. Compton scattering was named after this occurrence. Compton's research on the Compton effect has far-reaching ramifications for understanding the interaction of X-rays and matter, as well as the development of quantum mechanics. His discoveries also set the way for advances in domains such ...

 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen was a German scientist best known for inventing X-rays. Here are some highlights from his life and contributions: The invention of X-rays:    Roentgen discovered X-rays by accident on November 8, 1895, while doing research with cathode rays.     He found that a fluorescent screen in his lab started to shine even though it was not directly in the line of the cathode rays.     Roentgen discovered a new sort of penetrating radiation, which he named X-rays due to its unknown nature. X-ray Properties and Applications:  Roentgen studied X-rays extensively and discovered that they could pass through various materials, including human tissue. He found that X-rays could provide pictures of the inside structures of things, including human beings, opening the path for medical imaging procedures to be developed. Roentgen's findings had a significant influence on medicine, industry, and scientific study. Legacy and Recognition:   ...

Marie Curie, usually known as Madam Curie, was a well-known physicist and chemist. She was born in Warsaw, Poland, on November 7, 1867, and died in Passy, France, on July 4, 1934. Marie Curie is most known for her groundbreaking radiation research, which resulted in the discovery of two elements, polonium, and radium. She was the first woman to get a Nobel Prize and the first person to receive Nobel Prizes in both physics (1903) and chemistry (1911). Marie Curie's work transformed our knowledge of the atomic structure and set the path for several breakthroughs in nuclear physics and medicine. Her scientific discoveries and efforts have had a long-lasting influence.  Contributions of Marie Curie Marie Curie lived a remarkable life and made substantial contributions to physics and chemistry. Here are some highlights from her life and career: Radioactivity Investigation:     Marie Curie did pioneering research on radioactivity alongside her husband, Pierre Curie.   ...

 Abdus Salam, often spelled Mohammad Abdus Salam, was a theoretical physicist from Pakistan who made important advances in particle physics and played a key role in the creation of the electroweak theory. On January 29, 1926, he was born in Jhang, Punjab, British India (now Pakistan), and on November 21, 1996, he died in Oxford, England. After earning a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Government College University in Lahore, Pakistan, Salam went on to the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in the UK for his Ph.D. studies in theoretical physics. In 1951, he earned his Ph.D. He studied quantum field theory for his thesis. Salam's work with Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg to create the electroweak hypothesis, which combined the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces into a single theory, is one of his most illustrious accomplishments. In 1979, Salam, Glashow, and Weinberg shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for their ground-breaking work. In 1964, Salam w...

  Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, often known as C. V. Raman, was an Indian physicist who made important advances in the science of light scattering, widely known as the "Raman Effect." He passed away on November 21, 1970, in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. He was born on November 7, 1888, in Tiruchirappalli, Madras Presidency (now Tamil Nadu, India). Raman graduated with a physics bachelor's degree from Chennai's (formerly Madras') Presidency College. After that, he continued his education at the University of Calcutta, where in 1907 he earned a master's degree in physics. At the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in Calcutta (now Kolkata), Raman started his scientific career. Raman discovered phenomena in which light scattered by molecules displayed distinct wavelengths from the incident light in 1928 while examining the scattering of light. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for this ground-breaking discovery, which became known as the ...

 Theoretical biologist and Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger made substantial contributions to the study of quantum mechanics. He was born in Vienna, Austria, on August 12, 1887, and passed away there on January 4, 1961. The Schrödinger equation, which explains the behavior of quantum particles, is the most famous formulation of the wave equation created by Schrödinger. In 1925, he created this equation as an alternative to Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics version of quantum theory. A fundamental equation in quantum physics known as the Schrödinger equation describes how a physical system's wave function changes over time. The wave-particle duality, in which particles can have both wave-like and particle-like features, is mathematically described. The probability of various outcomes of quantum experiments may be calculated using the wave functions, which are the solutions to the Schrödinger equation. The "Schrödinger's cat" thought experiment is one of Schr...

 The theory of relativity, developed by renowned scientist Albert Einstein, revolutionized how we think about space, time, and gravity. His birthday was March 14, 1879, and he passed away on April 18, 1955, in Princeton, New Jersey, in the United States. He was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg, in the German Empire. The special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity are the two main parts of Einstein's theory of relativity.  The famous equation E=mc2, which represents the equivalence of mass (m) and energy (E), was first proposed by the special theory, which was published in 1905. This theory demonstrated that the rules of physics are the same in all inertial reference frames. Published in 1915, the general theory of relativity expanded on the special theory and offered a fresh perspective on gravity. In accordance with this theory, mass, and energy produce the curvature of spacetime, not gravity, which is a force. It explains phenomena like gravit...