The Nobel Laureates

 Hargobind Khurana was a scientist of Indian origin who made substantial discoveries in genetics and molecular biology. He was born on January 9, 1922, in Raipur, Punjab, British India (now Pakistan), and died on November 9, 2011, in Concord, Massachusetts. Khorana is well known for his seminal work on the interpretation of the genetic code and nucleic acid synthesis, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968. Khorana shared the Nobel Prize with Robert W. Holley and Marshall W. Nirenberg for their discovery of how the arrangement of nucleotides in nucleic acids regulates protein production in cells. This research helped us grasp how DNA encodes genetic information and how it is translated into proteins. During his work, Khorana achieved substantial advances in DNA chemistry, RNA synthesis, and genetic code decoding. He was instrumental in the creation of the first artificial gene and contributed to our understanding of how cells process genetic information

 American molecular biologist and geneticist James Watson, often known as James D. Watson, and Francis Crick are best known for discovering the structure of DNA. He was born in Chicago, Illinois, in the United States, on April 6, 1928.  Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography photographs and Watson and Crick's work to determine the double-helix structure of DNA, the molecule that conveys genetic information in living things, helped in the early 1950s. Their finding, which was reported in the 1953 issue of the magazine Nature, contributed to a new understanding of the molecular basis of heredity and set the groundwork for contemporary molecular biology. In 1962, Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their research on the molecular makeup of nucleic acids and the role that it plays in the transmission of information in living things. Following the identification of the DNA structure, Watson carried out more studies and significa